Bava Kamma 64

בואו ונצא לקראת כלה מלכתא ואמרי לה לקראת שבת כלה מלכתא רבי ינאי מתעטף וקאי ואמר בואי כלה בואי כלה:

'Come, let us go forth to meet the bride, the queen!' Some [explicitly] read:'… to meet Sabbath, the bride, the queen.' R. Jannai, [however,] while dressed in his Sabbath attire used to remain standing and say: 'Come thou, O queen, come thou, O queen!'

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> המבקע ברה"ר והזיק ברה"י ברה"י והזיק ברה"ר ברה"י והזיק ברה"י אחר חייב:

<b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. IF A MAN SPLITS WOOD ON PRIVATE PREMISES<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., his own premises. ');">¹</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> וצריכא דאי תנא המבקע ברה"י והזיק ברה"ר משום דשכיחי רבים אבל מרה"ר לרה"י דלא שכיחי רבים אימא לא

AND DOES DAMAGE ON PUBLIC GROUND, OR ON PUBLIC GROUND AND DOES DAMAGE ON PRIVATE PREMISES,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of a neighbour. ');">²</span>

ואי תנא מרה"ר לרה"י משום דמעיקרא שלא ברשות עביד אבל מרשות היחיד לרה"ר דברשות עביד אימא לא

OR ON PRIVATE PREMISES<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 173, n. 5. ');">³</span>

ואי תנא הנך תרתי הא משום דשכיחי רבים והא משום דשלא ברשות אבל מרה"י לרה"י אחר דלא שכיחי רבים ומעיקרא ברשות אימא לא צריכא:

AND DOES DAMAGE ON ANOTHER'S PRIVATE PREMISES, HE IS LIABLE.

ת"ר הנכנס לחנותו של נגר שלא ברשות ונתזה בקעת וטפחה על פניו ומת פטור ואם נכנס ברשות חייב

<b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. And [all the cases enumerated] are necessary [as serving respective purposes]. For if the Mishnah had stated only the case of splitting wood on private premises and doing damage on public ground, [the ruling could have been ascribed to the fact] that the damage occurred at a place where many people were to be found, whereas in the case of splitting wood on public ground and doing damage on private premises, since the damage occurred in a place where many people were not to be found, the opposite ruling might have been suggested.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'I might have said no'. ');">⁴</span>

מאי חייב א"ר יוסי בר חנינא חייב בד' דברים ופטור מגלות

Again, if the Mishnah had dealt only with the case of splitting wood on public ground and doing damage on private premises,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 173. n. 6. ');">⁵</span>

לפי שאין דומה ליער יער זה לרשותו נכנס וזה לרשותו נכנס זה לרשות חבירו נכנס

[the ruling could have been explained] on the ground that the act<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of splitting wood. ');">⁶</span>

אמר רבא ק"ו ומה יער זה לדעתו נכנס וזה לדעתו נכנס נעשה כמי שנכנס לדעת חבירו וגולה זה שלדעת חבירו נכנס לא כל שכן

was even at the very outset unlawful, whereas in the case of splitting wood on private premises<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 173, n. 5. ');">³</span>

אלא אמר רבא מאי פטור מגלות דלא סגי ליה בגלות והיינו טעמא דרבי יוסי בר חנינא משום דהוי ליה שוגג קרוב למזיד

and doing damage on public ground, [in view of the fact] that the act<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of splitting wood. ');">⁶</span>

מתיב רבא הוסיף לו רצועה אחת ומת הרי זה גולה על ידו והא הכא דשוגג קרוב למזיד הוא דאיבעי אסוקי אדעתיה דמייתי אינשי בחדא רצועה וקתני הרי זה גולה אמר רב שימי מנהרדעא דטעי במנינא

[as such] was quite lawful, the opposite view might have been suggested.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'I might have said no'. ');">⁴</span>

טפח ליה רבא בסנדליה אמר ליה אטו הוא מני והתניא גדול שבדיינין קורא והשני מונה והשלישי אומר הכהו

Again, if the Mishnah had dealt only with these two cases [the ruling could have been explained in] the one case on account of the damage having occurred at a place where many people were to be found, and [in] the other on account of the unlawfulness of the act,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of splitting wood. ');">⁶</span>

אלא אמר רב שימי מנהרדעא דטעה דיינא גופיה

whereas in the case of splitting wood on private premises<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 173, n. 5. ');">³</span>

מיתיבי הזורק את האבן לרה"ר והרג הרי זה גולה והא הכא דשוגג קרוב למזיד הוא דאיבעי ליה אסוקי אדעתיה דברה"ר שכיחי אינשי וקתני הרי זה גולה

and doing damage on another's private premises, since the damage occurred in a place where many people were not to be found and the act<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of splitting wood. ');">⁶</span>

אמר רב שמואל בר יצחק בסותר את כותלו

was quite lawful even at the very outset, the opposite view might have been suggested.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'I might have said no'. ');">⁴</span>

איבעי ליה עיוני בסותר בלילה

It was [hence] essential [to state explicitly all these cases].

בלילה נמי איבעי ליה עיוני בסותר את כותלו ביום לאשפה

Our Rabbis taught: 'If a man entered the workshop of a joiner without permission and a chip of wood flew off and struck him in the face and killed him, he [the joiner] is exempt.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From fleeing to the city of refuge. Cf. Num. XXXV, 11-28, Deut. XIX, 4-6; and supra p. 137. ');">⁷</span>

האי אשפה ה"ד אי דשכיחי רבים מזיד הוא ואי לא שכיחי רבים אנוס הוא

But if he entered with [the] permission [of the joiner], he is liable.' Liable for what? — R. Jose b. Hanina said: He is liable for the four [additional] items,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case of mere injury; cf. supra p. 133. ');">⁸</span>

אמר רב פפא [לא צריכא אלא] באשפה העשויה להפנות בלילה ואינה עשויה להפנות ביום ואיכא דמיקרי ויתיב מזיד לא הוי דהא אינה עשויה להפנות ביום אנוס נמי לא הוי דהא איכא דמיקרי ויתיב

whereas regarding the law of refuge<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Laid down in the case of manslaughter. ');">⁹</span>

רב פפא משמיה דרבא מתני לה ארישא הנכנס לחנותו של נגר שלא ברשות ונתזה לו בקעת וטפחה לו על פניו ומת פטור אמר רבי יוסי בר חנינא חייב בארבעה דברים ופטור מגלות

he is [still] exempt on account of the fact that the [circumstances of this] case do not [exactly] resemble those of the Wood.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Referred to in the verse, As when a man goes into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die, he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live; Deut. XIX, 5. Cf. also supra p. 170. ');">¹⁰</span>

מאן דמתני לה אסיפא כ"ש ארישא ומאן דמתני לה ארישא אבל אסיפא כיון דברשות חייב גלות

For in the case of the Wood the one [the plaintiff] was entering [as if] into his own domain and the other [the defendant] was [similarly] entering [as if] into his own domain, whereas in this case the one [the plaintiff] had [definitely] been entering into his fellow's [the defendant's] workshop. Raba [however,] said: There is an <i>a fortiori</i> [to the contrary]: If in the case of the Wood where the one [the plaintiff] was entering to his own [exclusive] knowledge and that one [the defendant] was similarly entering of his own accord, it is nevertheless considered [in the eye of the law]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Referred to in the verse, As when a man goes into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die, he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live; Deut. XIX, 5. Cf. also supra p. 170. ');">¹⁰</span>

ומי חייב גלות והתניא הנכנס לחנותו של נפח ונתזה ניצוצות וטפחה לו על פניו ומת פטור ואפילו נכנס ברשות

as if he had entered with the consent of his fellow [the defendant] who thus becomes liable to take refuge, should the case before us, where the one [the plaintiff] entered the workshop with the knowledge of his fellow [the joiner], be not all the more subject to the same liability? Raba therefore said: What is meant by being exempt from [being subject to the law of] refuge is that the sin could not be expiated by mere refuge; the real reason of the statement of R. Jose b. Hanina being this: that his offence,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., that of the joiner. ');">¹¹</span>

הכא במאי עסקינן בשוליא דנפחי שוליא דנפחי למקטלא קאי כשרבו מסרהב בו לצאת ואינו יוצא

though committed inadvertently, approaches wilful carelessness.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In which case the taking of refuge is insufficient; cf. e.g. Num. XXXV, 16-21, and Deut. XIX, 11-13. ');">¹²</span>

ומשום דרבו מסרהב בו לצאת למיקטליה קאי כסבור יצא אי הכי אחר נמי

Raba [on his own part] raised [however] an objection: If an officer of the Court inflicted on him<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' On an offender sentenced to lashes. ');">¹³</span> an additional [unauthorized] stroke, from which he died, he [the officer] is liable to take refuge on his account.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The victim's. Mak. III, 14. ');">¹⁴</span> Now, does not [the offence] here committed inadvertently approach wilful carelessness?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In which case the taking of refuge is insufficient; cf. e.g. Num. XXXV, 16-21, and Deut. XIX, 11-13. ');">¹²</span> For surely he had to bear in mind that a person might sometimes die just through one [additional] stroke. Why then state, 'he is liable to take refuge on his account'? — R. Shimi of Nehardea there upon said: [The officer committed the offence as he] made a mistake in [counting] the number [of strokes]. [But] Naba tapped R. Shimi's shoe<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To draw his attention. ');">¹⁵</span> and said to him: Is it he who is responsible for the counting [of the strokes]? Was it not taught: The senior judge recites [the prescribed verses],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXVIII, 58 etc.; Ps LXXVIII, 38. ');">¹⁶</span> the second [to him] conducts the counting [of the strokes], and the third directs each stroke to be administered?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., says, " smite="" him".="" mak.="" 23a.="" ');"="">¹⁷</span> — No, said R. Shimi of Nehardea; it was the judge himself who made the mistake in counting. A [further] objection was raised: If a man throws a stone into a public thoroughfare and kills [thereby a human being], he is liable to take refuge.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. II. 2. ');">¹⁸</span> Now, does not [the offence] here committed inadvertently approach wilful carelessness?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In which case the taking of refuge is insufficient; cf. e.g. Num XXXV, 16-21 and Deut. XIX, 11-13. ');">¹⁹</span> For surely he had to bear in mind that on a public thoroughfare many people were to be found, yet it states, 'he is liable to take refuge'? — R. Samuel b. Isaac said: The offender [threw the stone while he] was pulling down his wall.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Mak. 8a. ');">²⁰</span> But should he not have kept his eyes open? — He was pulling it down at night. But even at night time, should he not have kept his eyes open? — He was [in fact] pulling his wall down in the day time, [but was throwing it] towards a dunghill. [But] how are we to picture this dunghill? If many people were to be found there, is it not a case of wilful carelessness?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In which case the taking of refuge is insufficient; cf. e.g. Num XXXV, 16-21 and Deut. XIX, 11-13. ');">¹⁹</span> If [on the other hand] many were not to be found there, is it not sheer accident?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why then be subject to the law of refuge? ');">²¹</span> — R. Papa [thereupon] said: It could [indeed] have no application unless in the case of a dunghill where it was customary for people to resort at night time, but not customary to resort during the day, though it occasionally occurred that some might come to sit there [even in the day time]. [It is therefore] not a case of wilful carelessness since it was not customary for people to resort there during the day. Nor is it sheer accident since it occasionally occurred that some people did come to sit there [even in the day time]. R. Papa in the name of Raba referred [the remark of R. Jose b. Hanina] to the commencing clause: 'If a man entered the workshop of a joiner without permission and a chip of wood flew off and struck him in the face and killed him, he is exempt.' And R. Jose b. Hanina [thereupon] remarked; He would be liable for the four [additional] items,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case of mere injury; cf. supra p. 133. ');">²²</span> though he is exempt from [having to take] refuge.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case of manslaughter. ');">²³</span> He who refers this remark to the concluding clause<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where the entrance had been made with the knowledge of the joiner. ');">²⁴</span> will, with more reason, refer it to the commencing clause,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where the entrance had been made without any imitation. ');">²⁵</span> whereas he who refers it to the commencing clause<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where the entrance had been made without any imitation. ');">²⁵</span> maintains that, in the [case dealt with] in the concluding clause where the entrance had been made with [the] permission [of the joiner], he would be liable to take refuge.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case of manslaughter. ');">²³</span> But would he be liable to take refuge [in that case]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where the entrance had been made with the knowledge of the joiner. ');">²⁴</span> Was it not taught: If a man enters the workshop of a smith and sparks fly off and strike him in the face causing his death, he [the smith] is exempt<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From having to take refuge. ');">²⁶</span> even where the entrance had been made by permission of the smith? — [In this Baraitha] here, we are dealing with an apprentice of the smith. Is an apprentice of a smith to be killed [with impunity]? — Where his master had been urging him to leave but he did not leave. But even where his master had been urging him to leave, [which he did not do,] may he be killed [with impunity]? — Where the master believed that he had already left. If so, why should not the same apply also to a stranger?